The History of the World in Six Glasses Essay Essay Example

The History of the World in Six Glasses Essay Essay Example The History of the World in Six Glasses Essay Paper The History of the World in Six Glasses Essay Paper How did beer lead to the development of metropoliss in Mesopotamia and Egypt? Grains grew widespread in the Fertile Crescent ( The crescent shaped country which had an ideal clime and dirt for turning workss and raising farm animal. it stretches from Egypt. up the Mediterranean seashore to Turkey. and so down once more to the boundary line between Iraq and Iran. ) doing the unwilled find of beer. The Fertile Crescent’s highly rich dirt was suited for the growing of cereal grains after the last ice age. which occurred around 10. 000 BCE. Hunter-gatherers were drawn to the cereal grains and. the ability to maintain the grains for long periods of clip stimulated them to remain. If they hunter-gatherers could boom of off the wild grain if they were willing to remain near it and reap at its extremum. After the hunter-gatherers had spent so much clip roll uping the grain they would hold been loath to go forth the grain that they had collected nor could they travel with it. For this ground hunter-gatherers began to settle on the land. These colonists shortly found that the grain could be stockpiled for long periods of clip without botching. The engineering of these colonists was still in development so storage infinites were non normally watertight. and when the H2O got into the reserve of the collected grains they started to shoot and acquired a sweet gustatory sensation. Therefore going malted grains. When gruel. which is made of poached malted grains. was left to sit for a twosome of yearss it undertakes an interesting transmutation. It becomes a cheerily intoxicating and somewhat bubbly liquid. as the barms from the gruel turn it to alcohol. The cereal grains used to do beer was frequently used as an edible currency. because everyone needed it. Peoples traded and sold it. doing the development and enlargement of metropoliss. Bethany McDaniel AP World History Summer 2012 Assignment Chapter 3 A ; 4 Question 1 Describe the function that wine dramas in Greek or Roman society in relation to societal position. Wine had become available in Mesopotamia in really little measures in 870 BCE. The cost of transporting vino from the mountains down to civilisation. in the fields. made it highly expensive. Almost 10 times more expensive than the more common drink- beer. Wine was considered an alien and foreign drink. Merely the sole few could afford to imbibe and the chief usage was spiritual. When it was available. its high monetary value and scarceness made it a drink worthy of the Gods. Most people neer tasted it. Wine became more stylish in Mesopotamian society. but it neer became wildly low-cost outside wine-producing countries. For the Greeks vino imbibing was synonymous with civilisation and polish. What sort of vino you drank. and its age. indicated how civilized you were. Wine was preferred over beer. all right vinos were preferred over ordinary 1s. and older vinos over younger 1s. What mattered even more was how you behaved when you drank it. The Grecian pattern of blending vino and H2O was therefore a in-between land between savages who over-indulged and those who did non imbibe at all. The difference between affluent and humble Romans was in the contents of their vino spectacless. For affluent Romans. the ability to acknowledge and call the finest vino was an of import signifier of conspicuous ingestion ; it showed that they were rich plenty to afford the finest vinos and had spent clip larning which was which. The richest Romans drank the finest vinos and poorer people drank lesser vintages. Appreciation of different vinos began with the Greeks. and the nexus between the type of vino and the societal position of the drinker was strengthened by the Romans. Bethany McDaniel AP World History Summer 2012 Assignment Chapters 5 A ; 6 Question 1 Explain how Alcohol is related to the African slave trade. African slaves were traded in exchange for European goods. The most pursued good was alcohol in add-on. other goods were needed and utile. Peoples liked the feeling they got from the ingestion of intoxicant. non because of the gustatory sensation. Liquors became popular because the ingestion of liquors got people more intoxicated faster. Another ground liquors became popular was because they contained a higher intoxicant content which acted as a preservative that allowed the liquors to be kept for long periods of clip. They could besides be shipped in slighter bundles. The settlers needed slaves to work on the farms that grew the ingredients for liquors. Settlers foremost tried to capture their ain slaves. but failed. They so decided to import African slaves. Sugar and grain industries. the chief industries involved in doing intoxicant. were greatly dependent on on slave labour. Most slave bargainers drank imported intoxicant ; they didn’t even imbibe Western beers. It was more noteworthy than their ain grain based beers and palm vinos and it shortly became a differentiation of slave bargainers. Slave bargainers preferred intoxicant. specifically spirits. but besides frequently recognized fabrics. bowls. shells. jugs. and sheets or Cu in exchange for slaves. More and more slaves were bought as more and more liquors were in demand. The slaves grew and harvested the stuffs to do alcohol- sugar and barley. Bing slaves they were non paid. which saved tonss of money for the husbandmans. Having slaves alternatively of paid workers allows for more net income. which put more money into the economic system. This allowed Europe to go more modern. industrial. and expanded. Bethany McDaniel AP World History Summer 2012 Assignment Chapter 7 A ; 8 Question 1 Compare and contrast coffee’s credence in society in its early phases to beer. vino. or liquors. Beer wasn’t needfully accepted in society. more that it built society taking to its credence. Peoples came together to turn the ingredients of beer. When beer was foremost made it was extremely accepted among the bulk of people. It was the first alcoholic drink ; People enjoyed the bombilation it gave so and idea of it as a trade name new category of drinks. Wine nevertheless. was non as speedy to go popular. It was extremely expensive so common citizens couldn’t afford it. If beer was available most people would imbibe it over wine because of the cost. Merely the sole few could afford to imbibe and the chief usage was spiritual. Liquors ( modern twenty-four hours spirits ) nevertheless were wildly accepted. Peoples loved liquors. They were in such high demand that people were purchasing them faster than they were being made. Unlike beer or vino people could acquire imbibe on smaller measures of liquors. Liquors were besides slightly habit-forming. to the point where people would take a shooting with breakfast every forenoon. Coffee was accepted in a different manner. Peoples liked java because it was an alternate to alcohol. They could imbibe it in the forenoon with their breakfast alternatively of intoxicant or H2O. Water was insecure to imbibe because it had a inclination to be contaminated. Coffee was known as the great soberer because unlike intoxicant its effects made you more awake and qui vive as opposed to alcohol’s elating consequence. Most of these drinks were accepted because it was a new non-alcoholic esthesis. Bethany McDaniel AP World History Summer 2012 Assignment Chapter 7 A ; 8 Question 2 Describe the function of java houses in society in Europe. Cafes. unlike the illicit taverns that sold intoxicant. were topographic points where respectable people could afford to be seen. Some governments didn’t approve of java houses. they said that were. â€Å"hotbeds of chitchat. rumour. political argument and satirical treatment. They were popular locales for cheat and backgammon. which were regarded as morally doubtful. Although cafes were originally accepted as meeting topographic points and beginnings of intelligence. they were shortly banned by Muslin bookmans. They argued that java had intoxicant effects and therefore was against the instructions of the prophesier Muhammad. After a few months. higher powers lifted the prohibition in some countries because no jurisprudence was really being broken. but they were still socially frowned upon for being topographic points of lay-a-bouts of chitchats associated. In other countries. java was considered an alien freshness and java houses spread highly rapidly. Cafes began to travel West from Great Britain to Amsterdam to The Hague and in that motion it regained its name of an rational tap house of peoples who were above alcoholic ingestion. As the java houses regained their respectful image. they began to distribute across Europe quickly. Where java houses burned in the great fire of London in 1666. twice every bit many were rebuilt as a program for commercial concern. Coffee houses attracted people of the working category because java had medical benefits of forestalling sleepiness. sore eyes. and coughs which improved concern production. Even though people were indulgent of java houses at first. they grew to go a cardinal factor in society. Bethany McDaniel AP World History Summer 2012 Assignment Chapter 9 A ; 10 Question 1 Explain why the Industrial Revolution began in Britain. Richard Arkwright invented a new and more efficient attack to fabrication. therefore the industrial revolution began in Great Britain. Arkwright thought to utilize machine workers alternatively of human workers. This was a genius thought. because machines neer tire but worlds get tired finally. no affair their age. This besides provided a new occupation to replace the occupation that the machines replaced: running the machines. Arkwright created a manner for less clip and attempt to be used to make more work. Many of import exporting industries liked and adopted Arkwright’s doctrine shortly after he presented it. One of the chief industries was tea. Tea was originally a drink used to typify Great Britain as a civilizing. and hardworking power. But after Arkwright’s doctrine was put into action in the tea industry it rapidly became the premier export for Great Britain. So much teas was traded that it funded the edifice of British companies in India. Are you even still reading this because this is highly deadening. Tea was the fuel of workers in these British mills. and was being produced in mass measures. In a short sum of clip. tea became the 2nd most consumed drink in the universe. with lone H2O above it. With the sum of tea being sold. Great Britain was rapidly able to fund more and more mills to be built. These industuries went global and expanded trade further across the Earth. Great Britain shortly became the chief centre of industry in the Eastern hemisphere. More mills lead to more tea which lead to more workers which lead to more money. that was the doctrine being used. All of these industries-including tea- aided Great Britain in going a universe hardworking power. Bethany McDaniel AP Summer 2012 Assignment Chapter 11 A ; 12 Question 1 Discuss how World War Two impacted the globalisation of Coca-Cola. In 1886 John Pemberton â€Å"invented† Coca-Cola. Pemberton ab initio sold Coca-Cola as a medicative sirup that eased concerns. This sirup sold. but it was more of a local redress. and non rather as popular vessel he would hold hoped. Pemberton was a fiddler. and he mixed this sirup with ‘bubbly water’ in order to make what is now known as the drink of America. By the terminal of 1895 one-year gross revenues had reached 76. 000 gallons and Coca-Cola was being sold in every province in America. Although Coca- Cola was being sold in several other states by the clip of the eruption of World War Two. As America mobilized the president of the Coca-Cola Company issued an order stating â€Å"every adult male in unvarying gets a bottle of Coca-Cola for five cents. wherever he is. and whatever it costs the company. † When he president of Coca-Cola said this it automatically linked Coke to nationalism and support for the war attempt. Transporting bottles of Coca-Cola halfway around the universe would be expensive and inefficient. So particular bottling workss and sodium carbonate fountains were established in the field. During the World War Two no less than 64 bottling workss were established around the universe and served about 10 billion drinks. Coca-Cola was made available to civilians near American bases overseas. many of whom developed a gustatory sensation for the drink. Peoples around the universe from Polynesians to Zulus. tasted Coca-Cola for the first clip during World War Two. The â€Å"Coca-Cola Colonels† helped distribute Coke across the universe through World War Two. Bethany McDaniel AP World History Summer Assignment Chapters 11 A ; 12 Question 2 Describe the function of Prohibition in the United States in the creative activity of Coca-Cola. In 1887. America was traveling to experiment with a prohibition of intoxicant. This was an inducement for Coca-Cola to acquire itself established so that its gross revenues could detonate. Alcohol was an highly popular American drink. but without intoxicant. people would be in hunt of another drink to imbibe as a replacement. This would hold been a great chance for Coca-Cola had it really happened. but the prohibition experiment was discontinued in November 1887. Initially. Coca- Cola had advertised itself as a drink with astonishing medicative benefits. for difficult working mean. The business communities at Coca-Cola shortly realized that working me could merely travel out and imbibe intoxicant if they were tired. so they changed their advertizements to demo how Coca-Cola was household friendly and reviewing. They decided that this could demo how it was an any-time of twenty-four hours drink. which adult females and kids could imbibe every bit good as working work forces. This helped set up the Coca- Cola concern because it was now geared toward a larger border of purchasers. With all of this go oning. Coca-Cola was a well-established concern when the prohibition was really enforced in the twelvemonth of 1920. During these 13 old ages of prohibition. the Coca-Cola gross revenues tripled. With no intoxicant to devour. people turned to the bubbly reviewing Coca-Cola drink as a replacement. After the prohibition was ended. people still continued to devour Coca-Cola because they had developed a gustatory sensation for it during the 13 old ages that America was dry. To most Americans the Prohibition was a bad thing. for the Coca-Cola Company it was a really profitable 13 plus old ages. Bethany McDaniel AP Summer 2012 Assignment Overall Analysis Questions 1. 2. 3 1. How do the six drinks chosen by Standage aid to explicate universe history? A History of the World in 6 Spectacless tells the narrative of humanity from the ancient times to the twenty-first century through the position of six drinks. All of the drinks Tom Standage chose symbolized of import alterations in universe history. Beer was foremost cultivated in the Fertile Crescent and by 3000 B. C. E. was highly of import to Mesopotamia and Egypt. it was even used for currency. In Greece vino became the chief export. assisting dispersed Grecian civilization abroad. Liquors such as rum and brandy fueled the Age of Exploration. fueling the malicious slave trade. Coffee encouraged radical idea in Europe during the Age of Reason. when cafes became centres of academic conversation. And 100s of old ages after the Chinese began imbibing tea. it became popular in Britain. Finally. carbonated drinks became a 20th-century phenomenon. and Coca- Cola in peculiar is the taking symbol of globalisation. 2. Describe morality in the Islamic World. The Muslim people were restrained by jurisprudence from imbibing alcohol- and java for a period of time- because it was considered immoral harmonizing to the Torah. 3. Tom Standage offers his sentiment for the following era’s specifying drink- H2O. With supreme wealth. engineering. and resources at our generation’s fingertips. more attempt must be devoted for all world to hold clean imbibing H2O. It’s an astonishing disproportion when 1000000s of Westerners are overzealous about bottled H2O when there are 100s of 1000000s around the universe who must walk more than 10 stat mis to acquire clean imbibing H2O ( if it is available at all ) .

Comparative Financial Trend Analysis of HSBC and Santander Research Paper

Comparative Financial Trend Analysis of HSBC and Santander - Research Paper Example Personal assets among the other services are provided by the bank in other parts of the world such as in Latin America. Although the banking group has been providing wholesale services, it unveiled its retail services in 2013. HSBC is a global banking group whose operations feature in many countries across the globe. The banking group is headquartered in London with its subsidiaries operating under regional company segments. The group is listed on the London, Hong Kong, New York, Bermuda, and Paris markets with its shares being held by about 220,000 people across the globe. While acting as American Depository receipts, the shares trade on the NY market. The dominant nature of the banking corporation ensures that it minimizes costs through economies of scale while maintaining its dominance. The over 8000 outlets of the company are distributed in about 88 countries across the Asia Pacific Region, the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Middles East. The company’s key contact is Peter Bull, the Head of HSBC operations in the community and Nick Robins, the head of Climate Change Center of Excellence. The management of HSBC works hard to employ the latest strategies to enhance its dominance as well as ensure environmental sustainability. To this end, the banking group perceives consumption of energy as its greatest environmental impact with the use of papers, emission of carbon from business travels of the company being perceived as significant impacts. This is the main objective of this paper with the focus being comparison of the financial performance of the two major banks. This section compares all forms of financial performance of the banks especially concerning their assets, liabilities, revenues, profits and owners equity among other aspects. The mission of the bank is to enable businesses to thrive and at the same time prosper economies. That can be achieved by people been able to fulfill their dreams and hopes and help them realize their

Urban Education Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Urban Education Policy - Essay Example It further recommended for equal funding between wealthiest and poor district schools so as to improve quality of education in the state irrespective of social and economic status. The court ordered provision of adequate education to children from these areas through implementation of certain reforms and standard education with parity support. Question 1: How would Anyon, Ravitch, and Tyack and Cuban analyze the limits and possibilities of Abbott at reducing the achievement gaps? Basically, Abbott aimed at reducing achievement gap that exists between children from wealthier districts and those from poorer or less privileged districts. Main argument of Abbott is provision of equal funding for the schools irrespective of economic or social status of the respective schools’ location. Abbott advocates for equal education provision. However, analysts such as Anyon, Ravitech, Cuban and Tyack found out certain limitations that might not effectively allow for effective implementation of the Abbott recommendations and narrowing of the achievement gap between less privileged or poor students and the wealthy or fortunate students in New Jersey State (Abbott and Burke, 1990, p 37). ... This can be achieved, but cannot adequately assist in closing the achievement gap to a greater extent. According to Anyon (2005, p 73), provision of equal funding and learning materials might not adequately close the existing achievement gap in the state. Furthermore, the author argues that this should be coupled with family support. According to Tyack and Cuban (1995, p 67), family support has a great impact in increasing chances of students achieving success in their education. Furthermore, Cuban and Tyack argue that the basic cause of achievement gap in education is the prevailing poverty levels in the urban areas. Therefore, educational policies ought to address the prevailing poverty levels in the urban areas to effectively close the achievement gap. This is because poverty greatly contributes to underdevelopment of students and minimizes their chances of achieving success in education. In urban setting, there are low-resourced and high-resourced learning institutions. This has led to differentials in cost of learning depending on the available resources in respective schools or learning institutions (Tyack and Cuban, 1995, p 92). Less privileged students may easily afford low-resourced institutions leading to the achievement gap. Furthermore, family income also assists in shaping behavior of individual student and attitude towards life and achievement. Privileged students’ perceptions are most likely to be positive leading to positive behavior in school too. This increases their achievement chances as opposed to those from less privileged families who have negative attitude leading to less chances of succeeding in studies. The author also argues that changes ought to be made in several areas for the

The Relationship of Self Esteem of Skin Color in African American Culture Essay Example for Free

The Relationship of Self Esteem of Skin Color in African American Culture Essay The Relationship of Self Esteem and Skin Color 2 This paper explores the relationship between skin tone preference and the effect it has on self esteem in the African American community. As early as slavery in America there has been an assumed preference to lighter or more fair skinned African Americans. Many in the culture seem to believe that lighter skin represents beauty and equates to greater earning potential and increased opportunity. Articles by McAdoo, 1998; Ross, 1997; Russell, Wilson and Hall 1992, discuss how skin tone is used to differentiate and apply social values and self worth for African Americans. This belief led to self hate for some in the community and an increase in the use of skin whitening products in an effort to become more socially accepted and increase attractiveness to the opposite sex. Whitening appeared to be a boost to self esteem on the outside, but it really only created a false sense of confidence and acceptance. Since slavery, skin color has been used as a means of separation among those in the black community. The darker skinned slaves were usually resigned to work out in the sun in the fields while the lighter skinned slaves, who were generally the offspring of the master and a female slave were usually allowed to perform work inside the house. This led to anger by the darker field worker that still lingers on to this day. Growing up as a young boy the difference of skin tone never really seemed to be an issue but when I reached adolescence and started attending junior high school I experienced this ugliness for the first time. I was growing up in the eighties when most of the most successful blacks seen on television were lighter skinned. I particularly remember the family group Debarge as the teen heartthrobs of black teens at that time. They were all light skinned, with what we The Relationship of Self Esteem and Skin Color 3 called â€Å"good hair† due to their mixed heritage. If a kid did not fit that criterion he was not considered to be one of the â€Å"it† guys and your chances of dating were exponentially decreased. I and many began to see early that it was assumed that lighter skin meant better and received more privilege. I, at times, had feelings of self hate because I felt I was not good enough. I soon began to see members of my family using skin lightening cream to brighten their skin even by the ones who were not really dark at all. This leads me to the election of the United States first African American president. This was a joyous occasion in the African American community as many thought they would never see this happen in their lifetimes. Although, this was a historic moment some people questioned if President Obama would have been elected if he â€Å"looked more black† and less Eurocentric. Was it his clean cut look and light skin that made him seem less threatening to mainstream America? This sentiment was echoed by Senator Harry Reid in the Book Game Change: Obama and the Clinton’s, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime (Heilemann and Halperin, 2010), â€Å"He (Reid) was wowed by Obama’s oratorical gifts and believed that the country was ready to embrace a black presidential candidate, especially one such as Obama- a ‘light skinned’ African American ‘with no Negro dialect, unless he wanted to have one’ †. Senator Reid would go on to apologize for his insensitive remarks but the those words were proof positive that this type of stereotyping not only existed in the African American community but was alive and well in the conscience of main stream America as well. The thought of skin tone separation seems antiquated to most, but from time to time we get occasionally reminders that we still have a ways to go to rid ourselves of the self hatred of The Relationship of Self Esteem and Skin Color 4 past generations. The words of those like Senator Reid will soon be forgotten by the general public, but for those in the African American community who have experienced this type of bias will never forget.

Interview Essay - Jacey Hart -- Interview Essays

Interview Essay - Jacey Hart J.C. Hart is a native Californian, and was born June 10, 1927, in Inglewood. She has been married to her husband, Jim for fifty-two years. Together they have raised one son and two daughters, who also reside in Southern California. J.C. feels that her family and marriage have provided the foundation for happiness in her life. When she married Jim in 1948, she found great happiness just in spending time with him. Over the years her definition of happiness has changed. J.C.'s children were of foremost importance in her life and added to her happiness. Certain years spent working also contributed to her happiness. She said, "The emphasis has changed, but not the foundation." Sometimes J.C. knew she was happy because she felt euphoric, but mainly her feelings of happiness come from being content. She said that she feels more satisfied than happy now when accomplishing something. "I'm not likely to reach out, because negative emotions were not always welcomed." But she feels that her husband, Jim has played a significant role in helping her cope with unhappiness. Because of his sensitivity towards her, J.C. hasn't experienced any "serious sorrows." She doesn't like to spend time feeling low. Physical activities and a sense of accomplishment help lighten her mood. She enjoys participating in Saddleback College's exercise classes that are held in Leisure World. Companionship, singing in her church, and watching sunrises, sunsets and the moon are important activities for J.C.'s sense of happiness. There are a couple of things make J.C. unhappy. One is when she gets discouraged when her time is spent unproductively. She is a fan of PBS, and enjoys spending some of her time watching their many fasc... ... faith and more on intellectual challenges, and social/political awareness. J.C. believes that parents today seem to put more emphasis on enjoying their children, rather than on being a "successful parent." She says that enjoying your children, and parenting them with love, respect and a positive attitude is a great way to achieve happiness. To achieve happiness, J.C. suggests that a person should be willing to keep learning, act on positive impulses, not put things off, and take good care of their health. Summarizing this advice with her philosophy on life, she emphasized the importance of striking a balance between your family, your social life, the contributions you make to society, and the accomplishment of your desired goals. After meeting J.C. Hart, I feel that her last name should be HEART. She has an aura of love, warmth, and wisdom that touched Me. Interview Essay - Jacey Hart -- Interview Essays Interview Essay - Jacey Hart J.C. Hart is a native Californian, and was born June 10, 1927, in Inglewood. She has been married to her husband, Jim for fifty-two years. Together they have raised one son and two daughters, who also reside in Southern California. J.C. feels that her family and marriage have provided the foundation for happiness in her life. When she married Jim in 1948, she found great happiness just in spending time with him. Over the years her definition of happiness has changed. J.C.'s children were of foremost importance in her life and added to her happiness. Certain years spent working also contributed to her happiness. She said, "The emphasis has changed, but not the foundation." Sometimes J.C. knew she was happy because she felt euphoric, but mainly her feelings of happiness come from being content. She said that she feels more satisfied than happy now when accomplishing something. "I'm not likely to reach out, because negative emotions were not always welcomed." But she feels that her husband, Jim has played a significant role in helping her cope with unhappiness. Because of his sensitivity towards her, J.C. hasn't experienced any "serious sorrows." She doesn't like to spend time feeling low. Physical activities and a sense of accomplishment help lighten her mood. She enjoys participating in Saddleback College's exercise classes that are held in Leisure World. Companionship, singing in her church, and watching sunrises, sunsets and the moon are important activities for J.C.'s sense of happiness. There are a couple of things make J.C. unhappy. One is when she gets discouraged when her time is spent unproductively. She is a fan of PBS, and enjoys spending some of her time watching their many fasc... ... faith and more on intellectual challenges, and social/political awareness. J.C. believes that parents today seem to put more emphasis on enjoying their children, rather than on being a "successful parent." She says that enjoying your children, and parenting them with love, respect and a positive attitude is a great way to achieve happiness. To achieve happiness, J.C. suggests that a person should be willing to keep learning, act on positive impulses, not put things off, and take good care of their health. Summarizing this advice with her philosophy on life, she emphasized the importance of striking a balance between your family, your social life, the contributions you make to society, and the accomplishment of your desired goals. After meeting J.C. Hart, I feel that her last name should be HEART. She has an aura of love, warmth, and wisdom that touched Me.

In what ways are Gatsby and George Wilson similar or dissimilar, to whom is Nick more sympathetic towards? Essay

In what ways are Gatsby and George Wilson similar or dissimilar, to whom is Nick more sympathetic towards? Fitzgerald purposefully contrasts his characters throughout the novel, in order to compare contrasting worlds that were present in American society. Although there are some clear differences between Gatsby and George, there are also superficial similarities between them that each man has to experience and put up with. Drawing upon the more apparent differences between these two characters, it is evident that they have differing wealth. Gatsby is depicted as being rich through the means of the ‘Hotel de Ville’ or ‘mansion'(11) that he owns, and also by the way he holds lavish parties where ‘champagne was served in glasses bigger than finger-bowls'(48). Considering that Gatsby lives in West Egg not only reveals the true extent of his wealth, but additionally it shows that he is ‘noveau riche’ rather than ‘old’ rich like those who inhabit East Egg. Gatsby has only recently acquired his wealth after migrating from the Midwest whilst following the ‘New’ American Dream. The original dream consisted of any American citizen having the right to pursue their goals and dreams through hard work and free choice. It was the opportunity to make individual choices without the underlying restrictions of class, caste, religion, race, or ethnic group, that once overshadowed people. Often, people followed the common saying, ‘Go West young man!’ where the land was uninhabited and extremely fertile. In the case of the ‘New’ dream, it was simply how the dream had become interpreted by the 1920s. It was a distortion from the original dream to the idea of ‘Get rich quick’. Being of ‘New’ wealth, Gatsby tries to flaunt his wealth about. When Nick asks Gatsby whether he is going to go home that night following the vehicular manslaughter of Myrtle by Daisy, Nick describes Gatsby in chapter eight, as wearing a ‘pink rag of a suit'(147).This description suggests how Gatsby wears these expensive, gaudy and colourful items of clothing in order to display his wealth ostentatiously. The idea behind this pretentious displayal of the opulence that he has acquired, may be a method used by Gatsby in order to stand out from the crowd and to break away from periphery and into East Egg high society. This is a means to an end that he requires so that he can get even closer to retrieving Daisy and thus accomplishing his distorted version of the American Dream. In comparison, George lives in the rubbish tip that is the ‘Valley of the Ashes’. All that ‘grows’ on it is dead and the words ‘Ash’ and ‘grey’ that Fitzgerald uses to describe it with in chapter two, not only emphasise the literally dull and unfulfilling nature of the landscape here, but also the dull and unfulfilling lives of those like George Wilson who inhabit this valley. In chapter two it becomes apparent how little respect George’s wife has for her husband, when she says ‘He burrowed somebody’s best suit to get married in.’ This shows how poor he is because he cannot even afford a wedding suit of his own to get married in. In comparison to Gatsby, he has little material wealth. Gatsby appears to have originated from a poor background in the West which is similar to George’s background. However, the effects of this poor background influence both men differently. Originating in the West, rural North Dakota, he followed the ‘New’ American Dream in order to ‘Get rich quick’ and this pushed him towards organized crime, such as bootlegging. During the 1920s, there was a prohibition which imposed the law that alcohol was to be banned. Gangsters like Gatsby, were able to make a fortune out of this time through the illegal distribution of alcohol and trading in stolen securities. This was all a means though of achieving his distorted version of the American Dream, which was to retrieve Daisy. Importantly, he does not abide by the ‘protestant work ethic’ which states that a man should work hard and earn a comfortable living by which he and his family can live a peaceful, enjoyable life off. He also participated in a bit of bond fraud on the side as Fitzgerald notifies the reader in chapter nine (158). A strange caller says to Nick (thinking him Gatsby), ‘Young Parke’s in trouble. They picked him up when he handed the bonds over the counter.’ The way he commits himself to such illegalities is irresponsible on his behalf and it reveals how the American Dream has become revolved around money. Human greediness to obtain money, have corrupted the dream that once was so much more innocent. Comparatively, George does not involve himself in such a tainted world and instead follows a morally acceptable path in life by owning a legal garage. To some extent though, Fitzgerald uses this character to emphasise how such a traditional stance like the one George takes up (where one follows the ‘Protestant work ethic’), is unable to survive in such a morally decayed world that was the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald describes him in chapter two, as ‘mingling immediately with the cement colour of the walls’ of his garage. In some way it shows how the years he has been following this legitimate path, have caused him to effectively fade away into the dull environment that he inhabits. Kathleen Parkinson described Gatsby as ‘a mysterious and ambivalent figure’. This is a true interpretation of Gatsby in the sense that, unlike George, there is a build up prior to his introduction into the novel. At Gatsby’s first party in chapter three, various rumours of Gatsby’s past circulate the party. One guest exclaims that Gatsby is a ‘nephew of Kaiser Wilhelm’ and others go on to say how they heard that he had ‘killed a man’ or ‘been a German spy’ or ‘been in the American army.’ All this mystery serves to stimulate Nick’s curiosity, which possibly leads to his more lenient and sympathetic stance when it comes to Gatsby. It also creates a sense of suspense in the reader that heightened Gatsby’s entrance into the novel. Rumour plays an integral role in the novel as Fitzgerald uses it to provide the reader with the option of deciding whether or not they believe it and this technique evo kes more interest in certain characters like Gatsby. Evidently, Gatsby embodies the idea of the American Dream as is suggested in chapter three where Nick reports on how Gatsby would look across the golf at ‘that green light’ every night. This ‘green light’ would have symbolised various things for Gatsby. It would have been a symbol of generally the American Dream, but also more specifically for Gatsby, the prospect of the ‘green’ colour of money and achieving Daisy. Gatsby appears to have achieved the American Dream to some extent as he has risen from an impoverished child to a young man with great material wealth. He is the main dreamer in the novel; however, it appears that he is following two dreams. His initial dream becomes apparent in chapter nine where Gatsby’s father talks of Gatsby’s ‘SCHEDULE’ that he wrote when he was seventeen. In the ‘GENERAL RESOLVES’ (164) Gatsby wrote ‘Read one improving book or magazine per week’ which reveals straightaway how his dream of becoming rich and fitting into the world of high society, originates from when he was a teenager. Additionally, it uncovers the immaturity of Gatsby and his dream, as he has never allowed his dream to develop and grow up like he has. His other dream was a distorted version of the American dream, (which in some way used the wealth he had gained from achieving the American Dream), which was to retrieve his childhood love – Daisy. This dream was established in the past, and therefore fixates on the past. Gatsby’s naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve personality and his ruthlessness to achieve this dream ignore what Daisy has become and he appears to pursue the ‘old’ Daisy which remains vividly in his dreams. The way in which Gatsby was driven by his undying love for a woman is a reflection of Fitzgerald’s own life and dreams too. He too joined the army (1917) and eventually fell in love with a seventeen year old girl called ‘Zelda Sayre’. Zelda finally agreed to marry him, but her overpowering desire for wealth, fun, and leisure led her to delay their wedding until he could prove a success. Their relationship appears to be like Gatsby and Daisy’s. The following quote reveals the point in the novel at which all of Daisy’s charm and beauty is stripped away, leaving nothing but money to be admired underneath: ‘That was it. I’d never understood before. It was full of money- that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals’ song of it.’ (Chapter seven) Gatsby realizes late into the novel, how his dream has been ripped apart into dollar bills as he discovers that for years he has been in pursuit of not love, but cold, harsh money which is hidden behind the disguise of a human face. Following the death of Gatsby and the suicide of George, it becomes apparent that Fitzgerald is using the deaths of a rich man and a poor man who both set out to achieve their unattainable goals, to symbolise the death of the original dream on which America was founded. With consideration given to George, he too shares the American Dream with Gatsby; however he seems to be pursuing the ‘old’ American Dream and not the ‘New’ one like Gatsby. George reveals his dream in chapter seven, where he says: I’ve been here too long. I want to get away. My wife and I want to go West. She’s been talking about it for ten years.’ Clearly his dream is the opposite of Gatsby’s. He wants to migrate West like the original settlers and wants to follow the idea to ‘Go West young man!’ This idea was commonly followed by many families who would migrate out to the West and set up a basis to gather wealth. This is the case for the characters, Tom and Daisy, whose families formed their wealth out in the West through hard labour, so that their children could have better lives than they did. Undoubtedly, George wants his share of this; however, the way in which he says that his wife has ‘been talking about it for ten years’ is possibly a suggestion that it is more her dream than his and that he has been bullied into dreaming of it by her domineering nature. Whatever the case, he almost definitely dreams of a more comfortable life than what he already suffers. Gatsby and George are similar in the ways they both resort to deception in order to attain their originally unattainable dreams. They both resort to this in their relationships. Gatsby is found to do this in chapters four and five. When Nick is informed of the history between Gatsby and Daisy, by Jordan, it appears that she believed him to have wealthy roots when he did not. In chapter five he tells Daisy how ‘it only took him three years to earn the money that bought’ his mansion. He initially created the false perception of himself that fooled Daisy into false hope. Daisy probably saw in Gatsby a future of material possessions and comfort, which she adored. But he did not have this and when he comes round to having this in the latter, he lies about how he came to earn the money. He shields her from his true identity as a criminal, so that once again he can relight the false perception she had of him. George follows suit and lies to Myrtle early on in their relationship. When Myrtle reveals her hatred towards her husband in chapter two, she says ‘I married him because I thought he was a gentleman. I thought he knew something about breeding, but he wasn’t fit to lick my shoe.’ As it appears through the use of the word ‘gentleman’, Myrtle wanted to marry someone of higher social status and of wealth, and George apparently gave her the false hope of this. He creates a false persona that fools her into thinking that her dream is coming true. In some way, the relationship between George and his wife is possibly what may have occurred in the relationship between Gatsby and Daisy, if they had run away together in their youth. There is a mirror image or reflection between Gatsby’s relationship and George’s, and Fitzgerald parallels the consequences of both. Comparing both men, they both seem to be solitary figures who are overly involved in their work. For instance, when looking at Gatsby he is clearly a type of ‘loner’ and this may be down to the fact that he is too set upon retrieving Daisy to have anytime for others. The only circumstance that he has friends is when they are a means to an end with Gatsby, as he only manipulates them to get something out of them. For instance, he befriends Jordan and Nick especially as means of getting closer to Daisy. In chapter four, it is clear that Gatsby has manipulated Jordan into sorting out a meeting between him and Daisy, when she says to Nick: ‘You’re supposed to invite her to tea’ (78). The inclusion of the word ‘supposed’, suggests how Gatsby plans what he wants to get out of people. At Gatsby’s first party ‘the girls swoon back into the men’s encircling arms, but no one swooned backward on Gatsby.’ This example shows how Gatsby never socialised with people unless he required something from them, and as Nick shows in chapter three where he says that he ‘hasn’t even seen the host’ (49), hardly anyone really knows who Gatsby is. Also, he constantly thinks of his work. Even at his parties, he rudely has to excuse himself to take calls from places like ‘Philadelphia’ and ‘Chicago’ which are renowned cities for their corrupt environments where gangsters based themselves. This work is funding his dream in a way, as if he had not been gathering money like this, then he would still be poor and he would not have had the money to buy such been close to Daisy. George similarly is a man of solitude due to his wife and work; he is portrayed as having no real friends. He is a sick failure who is reduced to the status of a ‘ghost’. This ‘ghost-like’ appearance or presence is highlighted in chapter two when Tom and Nick visit George at the garage and his wife Myrtle is said to have ‘smiled slowly and, walking through her husband as if he were a ghost.’ This emphasises the lack of presence and authority he has, as his wife walks through him not noticing or caring that he is standing there. She is far more interested in Tom to care about where her husband is. The way he is referred to as a ‘ghost’ – the disembodied spirit or soul of a deceased person – is a link to not only death but more specifically, the death of the land he lives in. Fitzgerald is therefore linking George to the failure of the ‘Valley of ashes’ and it is noticeable that he never does this sort of thing with Gatsby. Gatsby is never linked to the riches of the land of the Eggs, which in a way shows how he does not fit in with the high society of the Eggs and this crucially establishes his isolation within such an environment. George is similar to Gatsby also, in the sense that he always thinks about his work too. This becomes clear in chapter two where he pesters Tom with the question: ‘When are you going to sell me that car?’ This highlights his desperation to make a sale and also suggests that he feels he has to jump on every customer who enters his garage, due to the lack of business he receives. Further, it shows his solitude as he scarcely has any customers and thus does not have any interactions with other people. Nick as narrator, appears to be far more lenient towards Gatsby. Following the deaths of both men, Nick only makes it his duty to sort out Gatsby’s funeral and does not think of George’s. In addition, when Tom wants Nick to meet his mistress in chapter two, Nick says how he had ‘no desire to meet her.’ This statement suggests how Nick feels he is being disloyal to Daisy. He does not think to consider how George would feel knowing about the affair his wife is having with one of his own acquaintances (Tom). Additionally, Nick seems to overlook Gatsby’s criminal behaviours even though he has been given enough evidence to suggest that Gatsby is a gangster. Fitzgerald’s portrayal of both men differs greatly, so much so that they appear to be direct opposites of one another. Gatsby is rich and has a more fulfilling life than George, who suffers the dullness of living in a dump (Valley of Ashes) and the lack of respect from his wife. The relationship between George and his wife is peculiar and goes against the historical view of a married couple. In the Victorian era, women would have had to stay at home in order to attend to maternal duties, whilst the husband would have had to provide the income. Usually the man had the authority over the woman, and in the case of the Wilson’s, there has been a role reversal. However, these two men are linked superficially by their failure to achieve their unattainable dreams which they had been pursuing throughout life. Considering that Gatsby was originally a working class poor man in previous years, and that he and George both die in honour of their failed dreams, suggests that when a poor man tries to enter into a higher social status like Gatsby, their efforts are rendered useless. Not only does this circumstance reveal the divide in society but additionally it emphasises the moral decay of American society amidst the superficial impressiveness of upper-class profligacy.

Creativity in Literacy Practices - 2398 Words

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However, I would like to continue by presenting the†¦show more content†¦While it is possible to be able to identify creativity in literacy practices at text level, this approach is somewhat limited because it fails to take into account: (1) the interactive features and functions of literacy practice, (2) the influence of its socio-cultural and historical context and more importantly (3) the creativity in language practices that is inherent and emergent from social practices in particular contexts. Therefore, I suggest that a better and more efficient way to identify and evaluate creativity in literacy practices, is one that approaches literacy from a more contextual approach, more specifically from an ethnographic perspective. Creativity and literacy practices from an ethnographic approach According to the ethnographic approach defined by Papen and Tusting (2006, p.312-359), creativity refers the production of something ‘new’ and ‘original’. 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